July 03, 2009

The one essential truth of computer security

Unless you solve the all-important problem of locking down end-user PCs, all of your other security defenses will fail you

Who doesn't love that scene in "A Few Good Men" in which Jack Nicholson's character tells Tom Cruise's character, "You can't handle the truth. I have neither the time nor the inclination to explain myself to a man who rises and sleeps under the blanket of the very freedom I provide, and then questions the manner in which I provide it. I would rather you just said 'Thank you' and went on your way."

I often feel like I'm acting out that scenario when speaking to CIOs and senior security leaders. They want me to tell them how to stop hackers and malware from invading their environments. Usually I'm consulting on some multitiered firewall/proxy/security solution aimed at protecting back-end databases. We talk about packet-inspecting firewalls, intrusion detection, two-factor authentication, and all sorts of high-tech defensive solutions that add several layers to their defense-in-depth protection.

[ The shortest distance between professional malware and your company's data is an unpatched Web browser. See the InfoWorld Test Center guide to browser security. ]

Then I say something like, "That's all great, but it won't work." I usually have their attention by then.

Next, I throw out the inconvenient truths:

  • Most of today's security risk in the average computing environment comes from "drive-by downloads" -- that is, trusted insiders get infected by Trojan software that they were tricked into installing.
  • If you allow your end-users to install any software they want, then your risk of security exploitation is high.
  • Even if you are fully patched and the software you run contains zero bugs (this is never true), it barely decreases the risk from drive-by downloads.
  • Most malware and malicious hackers are criminally motivated and seek monetary gain.
  • End-user education is highly overrated and will fail.
  • Your firewall, your anti-malware software, and your IDS will fail.

How to handle the truth
This is not to say that defense-in-depth and all that other good stuff shouldn't be done. But the risk from reckless end-users unwittingly executing Trojans and installing their own software is so high that all the other intrusion methods and their resulting mitigations are but a small percentage of the overall attacks in the wild. The intruder doesn't have to worry about all your perimeter defenses and fancy log-on techniques because the trusted end-user escorts him through. Most of the big online heists you read about don't occur because the attacker compromised some Web server or database from the Internet. No, the attacker simply uses an insider's legitimate access to explore the network, find juicy targets, download data, and implant other malware.

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ikevinTV 5-Jul-09 6:48pm
The biggest security hole in computer is end-users' ignorance. Malware writer precisely take advantage of this. Let'say, I have a few solutions: *** Implement Macs using NetBoot Use a Mac-based environment and implement NetBoot for all clients. With the implementation of NetBoot, all client-Macs do not boot from the local drive, but rather from a network server. Then, implement a corporate policy requiring all users to reboot at least once a day. There advantageous are numerous. First is security: having users reboot their machine means they purge any malware that might be installed. By having the users to boot from the network, the administrator essentially can control the boot image. Every reboot is a fresh reload of the OS image from the network server. The OS image from the server is read-only and therefore not possible to be infected. (Data-write can be configured to write to a local or network disk.) Secondly, administrator can easily add or upgrade new software to the network boot image, which are accessible to users upon the next reboot. This can solve many administration ease. Apple's Netboot Information: http://www.apple.com/server/macosx/features/client-management.html *** Windows environment There is a product called ForceField from ZoneAlarm. I have not personally tried it, but I think it is effective enough. More information is at: http://www.zonealarm.com/security/en-us/zonealarm-forcefield-browser-sec... Of course, implementation of all other security software are absolutetly essential. (Does any Windows administrators know of any similar technology to NetBoot for Windows? Please share the information here...) *** Fully Isolated Web Browsing Environment I love Solaris Containers technology! It is a fully isolated environment and extremely lightweight. Why shouldn't vendors like Microsoft or Apple implement it for their operating systems? If we could have such technologies for Windows or OS X, user's browsing environment will be fully protected from the rest of the operating system. Further, policies can be implemented that users to purge and use a new "container" on a weekly basis (or such actions be automated by a script) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_Containers http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/containers_learning_center.jsp http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/ds/containers.jsp Kevin Pan Open Source Cloud Computing Architect http://ObjectsOnClouds.org
rcprimak 5-Jul-09 8:15pm

Which is just another way of saying, So true, Roger. So true!

Great article, Roger!

davidbeav 6-Jul-09 10:26am
This was a real eye-opener to me (although in retrospect it shouldn't have been... it's all so obvious). For years, we've all worked hard to protect networks from the external bad guys. This says unless we can be 1000% sure our desktops/laptops are secured, we must act as if they're all compromised... our end user computers are the "bad guys". How does this change the way we design our networks? Firewalls not just between the outside world and the network, but between all end users and the server room? Lock down switches to block all peer to peer traffic? Every desktop in its own virtual DMZ? Etc. etc.
ctryon 6-Jul-09 1:49pm
OK, I'm an old Unix/Linux hacker stuck administering a bunch of Windows malware-magnets, with users who, by and large, don't really understand what they are doing. Can someone give me pointers to where I can learn how to lock these desktops down, hopefully with some degree of granularity so I can give my power users a little latitude, while keeping my less savvy users safe?

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